侍
Meaning in Englishsamurai
Animated kanji stroke order
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Word context
What it means
侍 (samurai) means a historical Japanese retainer known for serving a lord, trained in arms and bound by social duties and codes of conduct; as a lexical item it denotes that social role and the cultural image of disciplined loyalty and martial skill.
Main meanings
- 1. Classical verb sense meaning to attend or serve in a courtly or personal capacity, now archaic or literary.
- 2. Figurative modern use to describe someone with uncompromising loyalty or martial spirit outside historical context, such as in media or metaphors.
- 3. Brand, stage name, or surname element in contemporary Japanese, often evoking tradition or toughness.
How to use it
Appears in history books, museum labels, academic writing and pop culture; used neutrally in formal descriptions of historical figures and casually in media, marketing and nicknames to evoke martial tradition; also appears in compound words and personal names where context determines formality.
Variants and close terms
- 武士 (bushi) — warrior; a broader or more general term for armed men in Japanese history
- 浪人 (ronin) — masterless samurai; a related social status rather than a synonym
- 平民 (heimin) — commoner; social-class antonym
Composition
The kanji 侍 combines the person radical 亻(which signals a human-related meaning) with the element 寺 (originally a phonetic component); together the character conveys a person who stands by or serves, yielding the sense tied to attendants and retainers.
Etymology
侍 (samurai) derives from an Old Japanese verb saburau (saburau) meaning “to serve”; phonetic reduction in Middle Japanese produced forms like samurau and eventually samurai, the spoken form that became the lexical noun.
Origin
The social institution behind the word developed between the late Heian and Kamakura periods as armed provincial retainer families rose to prominence; over centuries these retainers acquired land, legal privileges, codified behavioral ideals (later called bushidō), and became a distinct social estate until political reforms in the Meiji era dissolved their class.
Word class
noun (名詞); also attested as an archaic verb form in classical Japanese (動詞, 古語)