N4 〜ほど hodo Indicates degree, extent, comparison, or intensity, attaches to verb, adjective, or noun, means as much as or to the point that N4 〜くらい kurai Indicates approximate degree, estimated amount, or intensity, attaches to verb, adjective, or noun, means about or to the extent that N4 〜だけでなく dake de naku Indicates addition of information, connects words or clauses, means not only but also N4 〜ばかり bakari Indicates repetition, excess, or focus on only one thing, attaches to noun or verb, means only or keep doing N4 〜ばかりでなく bakari de naku Indicates emphatic addition, connects words or clauses, means not only but also, used in a more formal style N4 〜ながらも nagara mo Indicates contrast between two ideas, attaches to verb or adjective stem, means although or despite N4 〜たところ ta tokoro Indicates a result discovered after trying or doing something, attaches to past verb, means when I did I found that N4 〜てからでないと te kara de nai to Indicates a required prior condition, attaches to the te-form verb, means unless doing it first it will not be possible N4 〜ようだ you da Indicates assumption based on evidence or impression, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means it seems that N4 〜らしい rashii Indicates assumption based on information or typical characteristic, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means apparently or typical of N4 〜みたいだ mitai da Indicates informal appearance or comparison, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means seems like or is like N4 〜ことになる koto ni naru Indicates decision result rule or change determined externally, attaches to a verb, means it has been decided that N4 〜ことにする koto ni suru Indicates a voluntary decision made by the speaker or group, attaches to a verb, means decide to do N4 〜はずだ hazu da Indicates logical expectation based on known information, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means should or must be N4 〜わけではない wake de wa nai Indicates partial negation, corrects an exaggerated interpretation, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means it does not mean that N4 〜という to iu Indicates name, definition, quotation, or explanation, attaches to a word or sentence, means called, said that, or that is N4 〜といえば to ieba Indicates association of ideas, introduces a related topic, attaches to word or sentence, means speaking of N4 〜とすると to suru to Indicates hypothesis based on an imagined condition, attaches to a sentence, means if that is the case or assuming that N4 〜としても to shite mo Indicates hypothetical concession, attaches to sentence or verb, means even if it is or even if it happens N4 〜とともに to tomo ni Indicates simultaneity, accompaniment, or parallel change, attaches to noun or verb, means together with or at the same time as N4 〜につれて ni tsurete Indicates gradual proportional change, attaches to verb or noun, means as one thing changes another also changes N4 〜にしたがって ni shitagatte Indicates gradual change or action following a rule, attaches to verb or noun, means as or according to N4 〜によると ni yoru to Indicates source of information, attaches to a noun, means according to or based on what was said N4 〜に違いない ni chigai nai Indicates strong certainty based on evidence or deduction, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means must surely be