Browse grammar

N4 〜てしまう te shimau Indicates completed action with nuance of regret, surprise, or unexpected result, attaches to the te-form verb N4 〜ておく te oku Indicates an action done in advance as preparation, attaches to the te-form verb, means do beforehand N4 〜てみる te miru Indicates experimental attempt of an action, attaches to the te-form verb, means try doing to see the result N4 〜てくれる te kureru Indicates someone does something for the speaker or close group, attaches to the te-form verb N4 〜てもらう te morau Indicates receiving an action or favor from someone, attaches to the te-form verb, emphasizes benefit received by speaker N4 〜てあげる te ageru Indicates doing something for another person, attaches to the te-form verb, can sound patronizing if used carelessly N4 〜によって ni yotte Indicates means, cause, agent, basis, or difference depending on context, attaches to a noun, means by, through, or depending on N4 〜について ni tsuite Indicates the topic or subject being discussed, attaches to a noun, means about or regarding N4 〜に対して ni taishite Indicates target, direction, attitude, or contrast toward something, attaches to a noun, means toward, against, or in relation to N4 〜にとって ni totte Indicates viewpoint, evaluation, or importance for someone, attaches to a noun, means for or from the viewpoint of N4 〜として to shite Indicates role, function, position, or capacity in which someone acts, attaches to a noun, means as or in the capacity of N4 〜ほど hodo Indicates degree, extent, comparison, or intensity, attaches to verb, adjective, or noun, means as much as or to the point that N4 〜くらい kurai Indicates approximate degree, estimated amount, or intensity, attaches to verb, adjective, or noun, means about or to the extent that N4 〜だけでなく dake de naku Indicates addition of information, connects words or clauses, means not only but also N4 〜ばかり bakari Indicates repetition, excess, or focus on only one thing, attaches to noun or verb, means only or keep doing N4 〜ばかりでなく bakari de naku Indicates emphatic addition, connects words or clauses, means not only but also, used in a more formal style N4 〜ながらも nagara mo Indicates contrast between two ideas, attaches to verb or adjective stem, means although or despite N4 〜たところ ta tokoro Indicates a result discovered after trying or doing something, attaches to past verb, means when I did I found that N4 〜てからでないと te kara de nai to Indicates a required prior condition, attaches to the te-form verb, means unless doing it first it will not be possible N4 〜ようだ you da Indicates assumption based on evidence or impression, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means it seems that N4 〜らしい rashii Indicates assumption based on information or typical characteristic, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means apparently or typical of N4 〜みたいだ mitai da Indicates informal appearance or comparison, attaches to verb adjective or noun, means seems like or is like N4 〜ことになる koto ni naru Indicates decision result rule or change determined externally, attaches to a verb, means it has been decided that N4 〜ことにする koto ni suru Indicates a voluntary decision made by the speaker or group, attaches to a verb, means decide to do